That damn bolt head is sitting down in the left side i bet... If your lucky, and i mean damn lucky, its sitting at the bottom of the left side and didn't go further down into the case. Get the left side apart pronto and find that bolt head.
Looks to me like the bolt walked out and hit the base. Cam sprocket bolts not torqued tight enough?
The cam will have play, if you take the chain off you can pull the cam right out no need to pull the rocker cover off and the head. Just remove the other cam sprocket bolt and wiggle the sprocket forward onto the smaller shaft of the cam then get the chain off the sprocket. It helps if you take all the tension off the cam chain. I just remove the 10mm bolt from the adjuster then loosen it and push a small screwdriver down to push the tensioner all the way down and then tighten the tensioner bolt back up to keep it down. Now you can pull the camshaft out of the head to work on it.
I would remove the broken bolt, get some new bolts, clean up the back side of the CDI base and put it back together. Provided you find the head of that damn bolt!!!
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1984 Honda ATC200ES "Big Red"
1982 ATC200E "Hondie"
1988 TRX300FW "Project Quad" Still in progress....